ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Nurses have been at the center of managing the COVID-19 outbreak through direct bedside care in respiratory, emergency and intensive care environments, managing hospital units, providing Covid-19 testing, vaccination and contact tracing. Thus, the present study aimed to analysis the strategies used by Iranian nurses for management of Provided Care for patients with COVID- 19. METHODS: The present study was conducted based on the conventional content analysis method and Graneheim & Lundman approach. The participants included the nurses working in the COVID-19 wards and were recruited by purposeful sampling and based on inclusion criteria. The data were collected by conducting semi-structured, in-depth, one-to-one interviews until reaching data saturation. RESULTS: In-depth interviews with 10 nurses represented four main categories and fifteen subcategories. Four main categories emerged in this study i.e. "justice in human resources management", "The art and science of comprehensive nursing care", "managers as agents of change in crisis" and "challenges and its management". CONCLUSION: The nurses' experiences of management strategies showed that paying attention to the financial, psychological, educational, equipment needs of nurses and maintaining their safety make the suitable environment for providing high quality care for patients with covid-19.
ABSTRACT
Heightened interests in modelling outdoor diffusion and transmission of bioaerosols due to the prevalence of COVID-19 in urban environment led to a better knowledge of the issues concerning exposure risks and evacuation planning. In this study, the numerical method was applied in calculating the dispersion of bioaerosols. Then, the infection risk at the pedestrian level was assessed by the improved Wells-Reily equation. Finally, the Dijkstra algorithm derived from the greedy algorithm based on the was adopted to predict the evacuation path. The results show that the deposition of bioaerosols can reach 80 m on windward side wall of the high-rise buildings driven by the buoyancy force. Compared with stable thermal stratification, the infection risk of unstable thermal stratification in upstream and downstream of the research area can increase by 4.76% and 0.88%, respectively. The present work provides a promising approach of infection risk assessment and evacuation planning for the emergency response to urban bioaerosol leakage.
Subject(s)
COVID-19ABSTRACT
A novel uncapped mRNA platform was developed. Five lipid nanoparticle (LNP)-encapsulated mRNA constructs were made to evaluate several aspects of our platform, including transfection efficiency and durability in vitro and in vivo and the activation of humoral and cellular immunity in several animal models. The constructs were eGFP-mRNA-LNP (for enhanced green fluorescence mRNA), Fluc-mRNA-LNP (for firefly luciferase mRNA), S{delta}T-mRNA-LNP (for Delta strain SARS-CoV-2 spike protein trimer mRNA), gDED-mRNA-LNP (for truncated glycoprotein D mRNA coding ectodomain from herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV2)) and gDFR-mRNA-LNP (for truncated HSV2 glycoprotein D mRNA coding amino acids 1~400). Quantifiable target protein expression was achieved in vitro and in vivo with eGFP- and Fluc-mRNA-LNP. S{delta}T-mRNA-LNP, gDED-mRNA-LNP and gDFR-mRNA-LNP induced both humoral and cellular immune responses comparable to those obtained by previously reported capped mRNA-LNP constructs. Notably, 25, 50 and 100 g of S{delta}T-mRNA-LNP all elicited neutralizing antibodies in hamsters against the Omicron and Delta strains. Additionally, gDED-mRNA-LNP and gDFR-mRNA-LNP induced potent neutralizing antibodies in rabbits and mice. The mRNA constructs with uridine triphosphate (UTP) outperformed those with N1-methylpseudouridine triphosphate (N1m{psi}TP) in the in vivo expression of luciferase and the induction of antibodies via S{delta}T-mRNA-LNP. Our uncapped, process-simplified, and economical mRNA platform may have broad utility in vaccines and protein replacement drugs.